[心得] 精油穩定性的影響因素(二)

作者: antioxidant (0.0)   2016-08-24 13:14:59
4.金屬汙染
精油儲存在金屬容器中,容器的不純物會釋放到精油裡頭[1]。和光線、高溫一樣,
重金屬特別是銅和鐵,會加速精油的自氧化,尤其存在過氧化氫時更快[2-3],鐵和銅離
子會催化過氧化氫分解,產生自由基,加速自由基氧化反應。鐵離子還會反應生成單態氧
,進而激發後續的光氧化反應[3]。
5.濕度
檸檬醛在水溶液中會進行酸催化反應,生成對異丙基甲苯、三甲基苯甲醇
(p-cymene-8-ol)、二甲基苯乙烯(α-p-dimethylstyrene)、甲基苯乙酮
(methylacetophenone)和甲酚(cresol) [4]。不過 Rajeswara [5]有不同結果,不同油儲
存在含水的環境沒有任何改變,即便水含量到20%也一樣。Kaul [6]建議精油在萃取完成
後可以添加一些能抓水的成分再保存,實驗顯示天竺葵精油存在微量水的情況下在室溫保
存一年,芳樟醇(linalool)和香葉醇(geraniol)含量減少,香茅醇(citronellol)和甲酸
香葉草酯(geranyl formate)則增加,不過瓶子裡的精油只有半滿,所以成分的改變可能
不完全是含有微量水的關係,瓶子裡的氧氣也對實驗產生了影響。
6.精油的組成成分和化學結構[1]
帶有烯丙基結構的分子較有可能發生自氧化反應,因為此種結構容易被抓掉一個氫原
子而形成穩定的自由基分子[7]。富含不飽和單萜烯和倍半萜的松油、松節油
(turpentine oil)在儲存過程中,很快地成分就產生了變化[8]。此外,具有推電子基或
多烷基取代的分子,都會藉由超共軛效應(hyperconjugation effect)來增強碳原子和過
氧化物間的鍵結,進而幫助穩定過氧化物並在隨後反應生成過氧化氫[9]。
另外,每個分子發生的變化都有可能影響其他分子的穩定性[10],活性氧在分子間
的轉移,可使易氧化的分子發生自氧化,生成較穩定的產物。換句話說,易氧化的分子就
是抗氧化物,利用自身的氧化來避免其他物質被氧化,酚類如香芹酚(carvacrol)、百里
酚(thymol)或丁香酚(eugenol)都能中止或延遲正發生的自氧化反應[1]。抗氧化能力強弱
取決於酚基上氫原子多容易被抓走,氫被抓走後,抗氧化分子形成自由基,利用自身結構
來保持穩定,這些抗氧化物能清除帶有烷基、烷氧基和過氧基的自由基,提高這些分子的
穩定性[11-12],事實上,百里香精油含有80%以上的酚類,良好穩定性其來有自[8、
13-14]。精油的組成環境可能會影響裡頭個別分子的穩定性[2],Hagvall [15]比較乙酸
芳樟酯(linalyl acetate)、芳樟醇(linalool)和 β-石竹烯在薰衣草精油裡以及未在精
油裡的自氧化差異,雖然他最後總結薰衣草精油對裡頭分子並沒有保護作用,但根據他的
實驗條件,為了檢測過氧化氫,讓實驗處在非常劇烈的氧化環境下,這可能超出精油本身
所能提供的保護範圍內,因此Hagvall的結論不一定正確。
其實,我們觀察到的精油變化常不是單一因素影響,而是多種因素造成的結果,所以
才常有一些矛盾的結論發生,Guenther [2]可能是依據高溫時的酸催化反應,而認為濕度
對精油衰敗的影響比光線來的大,但他的推測並沒有得到過往文獻的支持。此外,
Wabner [16]和Nasel [17]根據保存在冰箱的茶樹精油含大量過氧化物,建議人們不要把
精油冰在冰箱,不過其他研究顯示,在室溫時,精油的降解反而在加速進行[13-14、
18-19]。總之,大部分文獻所描述的精油降解都來自於光或溫度,或在氧存在下,光和溫
度的綜合反應[20 -22]。Pfannhauser [23]指出,當在4~20℃時,光對精油穩定性影響大
過溫度,Carmona [24]和El-Wakeil [18]也認為,在60和25℃,其溫度影響分別高於紫外
光和日光。Karlberg [25]證明封蓋儲存在低溫陰暗的環境下,經過一年仍能防止自氧化
的發生,所以溫度、光和氧氣對精油穩定性的影響都同等重要。
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