CD未收錄，但確認是原文的#27
供版上戰友參考。
Dustin
27. 二手書籍拍賣（2013-05/2013-10機經）（原文）
[現象解釋＋新舊觀點/作者提出解釋]
在1599年，在荷蘭的Leiden出現了世界首次用拍賣（auction）來販售二手書籍
（used-book auction）的方式。人們以往總把原因歸在該城市沒有會妨害自由
拍賣的商會（guild）的存在。但後來發現，其實進行拍賣的該書商（bookseller）
本身才是最主要的因素。
其實當時Leiden是有商會的，儘管這項計畫受到地方政府首長以及當地商會的強
力反對（despite the strong opposition from local government and guild），
（Q3）但是該書商的老闆EL成功地向擁有該地管轄權的province audit office申請
獲准，於是順利舉辦了該次的拍賣。（Q4）
也有另一個學者認為，當時早已有一項規範動產商品（movable goods）的法案，
惟該法案並非完全適用於書本的交易。否則的話，書本的拍賣交易應該是需要政
府主導的行為，而不是書商個人能夠舉辦的活動了。（Q1）
Q1: 若是最後的學者說法為真，則該拍賣會如何？
（EL用原本的策略不可能獲得同樣的成功效果）
Q2: 主旨題
Reasons contribute to the unauthorized auction in Leiden.
Q3: highlight「despite the strong opposition from local government
and guild」，問說明什麼？
audit office的某些權力是超越了local government.
Q4: 書商如何成功舉辦拍賣會？
利用audit office而避開與local government的正面交鋒。
原文來源：
The international orientation of Leiden in general had much to do with
geography. Unlike Middleburg or Groningen, Leiden was located in the
relatively secure province of Holland. It was not far from other printing
centers in the republic and enjoyed the advantages of a commercial empire
centered in nearby Amsterdam. The city was also in a good position to
trade with continental Europe because of its access to an extensive
infrastructure of canals and lakes. All of these natural advantages,
though, would have not amounted to much if the city had not also made use
of an infrastructure that was very conducive to commerce. By the late
sixteenth century, the cities of north Holland were well connected by
regular barge services, which facilitated freight transport. They were
also connected by an extensive postal service that operated between
the towns of Holland and Zeeland as well as nearby foreign commercial
centers, such as Antwerp. The booksellers were especially able to use
the postal connections. The book-sale catalogues were sent by mail to
potential customers in the United Provinces, Germany, the Spanish
Netherlands, and France. Without these support services, the printing
and bookselling industry in Leiden would have gone the way of its
counterparts in the other provinces.
Leiden was not the only city in Holland with access to this
infrastructure, however, so what was the real secret to its success?
Bert van Selm suggests that Leiden was the site of the first secondhand
book auction because in 1600 it was the only major city in the Netherlands
in which the printers and booksellers were not subject to a guild.
The absence of the guild, he argues, gave the booksellers enough
liberty to develop the practice on their own. This is perhaps
oversimplified and misleading. Louis Elsevier originally developed
the catalogue sale at The Hague, and he kept a monopoly on such sales
there until 1643. Although the local government (and the Sint Lukas
guild) opposed his request, he received official permission to hold
auctions from the government audit office (rekenkamer) of the province
of Holland. He could do this because of a jurisdictional loophole.
The Grote Zaal where he intended to hold the auctions was technically
the property of the Court of Holland, not the town. The uniqueness
of the Leiden auction, the absence of direct interference from local
government officials, was more likely the result of the close
relationship between booksellers such as Elsevier and powerful
government and university officials. The liberty needed to innovate
came from shrewd strategies, not from lack of a guild.
On the contrary, the Leiden printer/booksellers guild was integral
to their successful microinvention, that is, the exploitation of
the commercial possibilities of the book-sale auction. The story
of the printer/booksellers' guild in Leiden has three main players-
the artisans, the town, and the university.
For a time it seemed as if Leiden would never have a printers' guild.
In 1610, the vroedschap of Leiden declined a petition on the part
of the artists, including printers, to form a Sint Lukas guild,
stating that the decision would be delayed until there seemed to
be more of a need for local regulation. Their decision may have
been justified. In the early seventeenth century, printed material
from Leiden was sold primarily in fiercely competitive international
markets. Because of the nature of the competition and the lack of
involvement in the local economy, it might have been prudent for
the magistrates to leave the trade unregulated in order to combat
foreign encroachment on their markets. Perhaps this was true for
other artistic enterprises as well. The magistrates did not allow
the printer/booksellers to officially form a guild until 1652.
This does not mean that they were entirely free of regulation.
The auctioning of moveable goods was tightly regulated by the
city. Van Selm cites an extensive ordinance from 60oothat covers
"Pieces from the inheritance and inventory houses together with
the sale of all moveable goods in the city."41Some of the
stipulations specified in the ordinance did apply directly
to book sales. The book auctioneers were required to get consent
to hold their sales, to only hold sales at specified times and
places,
to present catalogues to the magistrates for inspection, and to
not sell their own new books at auction. Van Selm argues that
other sections of the ordinance did not apply to book sales
because it stipulated that the sales had to be performed and
administered by a town functionary. Leiden booksellers, unlike
the booksellers in any other Dutch city, were permitted to
auction the books themselves, with limited interference from
the town secretary or beadle (stadsbode).
The organization of the guild was encouraged by changes in the
structure of the book industry. After 1611, the number of
printer/booksellers in Leiden expanded rapidly, by fifteen
or more active workers in an average year, which warranted
the creation of greater order among the ranks.