美國《國家利益》:中國擁有世界第二強海軍
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It’s a universal truth handed down since antiquity: a country with a
coastline has a navy. Big or small, navies worldwide have the same basic
mission—to project military might into neighboring waters and beyond.
The peacetime role of navies has been more or less the same for thousands of
years. Navies protect the homeland, keep shipping routes and lines of
communication open, show the flag and deter adversaries. In wartime, a navy
projects naval power in order to deny the enemy the ability to do the same.
This is achieved by attacking enemy naval forces, conducting amphibious
landings, and seizing control of strategic bodies of water and landmasses.
The role of navies worldwide has expanded in the past several decades to
include new missions and challenges. Navies are now responsible for a nation’
s strategic nuclear deterrent, defense against ballistic missiles, space
operations, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief. With that in mind,
here are the five most powerful navies in the world.
自古以來，這是一個普遍的真理：一個海岸線的國家有海軍。大小的世界各地的海軍都有
相同的基本使命 - 將軍事力量投入鄰近的水域和其他地區。
幾千年來，海軍的和平角色已經或多或少是相同的。海軍保衛祖國，保持航線和通信線路
暢通，展示旗幟並阻止對手。在戰爭時期，一艘海軍投射海軍力量，以抵制敵人做同樣的
能力。這是通過攻擊敵方海軍，進行兩棲登陸，抓住對海陸戰略目標的控制來實現的。
過去幾十年來，全球海軍的作用已經擴大，包括新的使命和挑戰。海軍現在負責一個國家
的戰略核威懾，防禦彈道導彈，空間作戰，人道主義援助和救災。考慮到這一點，這裡是
世界上五大最強大的海軍。
只節錄中國
China
The People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) has come a long way in the last 25
years. The spectacular growth of the Chinese economy, which fueled a tenfold
defense-budget increase since 1989, has funded a modern navy. From a
green-water navy consisting of obsolete destroyers and fast attack boats, the
PLAN has grown into a true blue-water fleet.
The PLAN currently has one aircraft carrier, three amphibious transports, 25
destroyers, 42 frigates, eight nuclear attack submarines and approximately 50
conventional attack submarines. The PLAN is manned by 133,000 personnel,
including the Chinese Marine Corps, which consists of two brigades of 6,000
marines each.
The People’s Liberation Army Navy Air Force provides fixed-wing aircraft and
helicopters for China’s new aircraft carrier, helicopters for surface ships,
and shore-based fighter, attack and patrol aircraft. The PLANAF has 650
aircraft, including J-15 carrier-based fighters, J-10 multirole fighters, Y-8
maritime patrol aircraft, and Z-9 antisubmarine warfare aircraft.
China’s first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning, deserves special attention. It
was commissioned into service in 2012. Originally built for the Soviet Navy,
after the end of the Cold War, Liaoning’s unfinished hull languished in a
Ukrainian shipyard. Purchased by a PLA front company, the ship was towed back
to China where it spent nearly a decade being refitted. Liaoning is expected
to function as a training carrier as China grows accustomed to the complex
world of carrier operations.
The People’s Liberation Army Navy is well into the process of modernizing
its amphibious capability, having commissioned three Type 071 amphibious
platform dock ships. Each Type 071 LPD can carry from 500 to 800 Chinese
marines and 15 to 18 vehicles, and can get troops ashore via hovercraft
patterned on the American LCAC and Z-8 medium transport helicopters. China is
also reportedly planning on building amphibious assault ships with
full-length flight decks along the lines of the American Wasp-class. A total
of six Type 071s and six of the new amphibious assault ships are rumored to
be planned.
China’s submarine force is a decidedly mixed bag, with up to 60 submarines
of varying quality. The core of the force consists of three Shang-class
nuclear attack submarines, nine Yuan, 14 Song and 10 Improved Kilo submarines
imported from Russia. China’s ballistic-missile submarine fleet is made up
of three Jin-class missile submarines with a fourth (and possibly fifth)
under construction. It is thought the South China Sea will eventually be used
as a bastion for China’s sea-based nuclear deterrent.
The PLAN continues to grow and learn. At least two more aircraft carriers are
planned, and China’s carriers could eventually number up to five. In
addition to carrier operations, the PLAN is also learning how to conduct
extended voyages through its contribution to the international antipiracy
effort off the Horn of Africa. China has sent 17 naval task forces to the
region, rotating in ships and crews to learn long-distance ship-handling
skills.
no.2中國
中國人民解放軍海軍在過去25年中取得了長足的進步。自1989年以來，中國經濟的壯大增
長推動了國防預算增長了十倍，為現代海軍提供了資金。由過時的驅逐艦和快速攻擊艇組
成的綠水海軍，計劃已經發展成為一個真正的藍水艦隊。
該計劃目前擁有一架航空母艦，三艘兩棲運輸，25艘驅逐艦，42艘護衛艦，8艘核攻擊潛
艇和約50架常規攻擊潛艇。該計劃由133,000人組成，其中包括中國海軍陸戰隊，由兩個
海軍陸戰隊組成的兩個旅
解放軍海軍空軍為中國新航空母艦，水面艦艇直升機和岸基戰鬥機，攻擊和巡邏飛機提供
固定翼飛機和直升機。PLANAF有650架飛機，其中包括J-15載體戰鬥機，J-10多功能戰機
， Y-8型海上巡邏機和Z-9反潛戰機。
中國第一航空母艦 遼寧值得特別關注。它於2012年投入使用。最初為蘇聯海軍建造，
冷戰結束後， 遼寧的未完成的船體在烏克蘭造船廠受挫。由解放軍前線公司採購，該船
被拖回中國，近十年改裝。預計遼寧將作為中國的培訓載體。
中國人民解放軍海軍正在進入兩棲能力現代化進程，委託了三架071型兩棲登陸艦。
每種071型LPD都可以攜帶500到800名中國海軍陸戰隊和15至18輛車，並可以通過美國LCAC
和Z-8中型運輸直升機上的氣墊船上岸。據報中國還計劃沿著美國黃蜂級線建造具有全長
駕駛艙的兩棲攻擊艦 。據傳，共計六類071型和六艘新型兩棲攻擊艦贊正計劃建造。
中國的潛艇部隊是一個完全混合的組合，多達60艘不同質量的潛艇。力量的核心包括三艘
商級核攻擊潛艇，9艘元級，14艘宋級和從俄羅斯進口10艘改進基洛潛艇。中國的彈道
導彈潛艇艦隊是由三艘晉級導彈核潛艇與第四（也可能是第五）正在建設中。據認為，
南海將最終成為中國海基核威懾的堡壘。
計劃繼續發展和學習。計劃至少還有兩架航空母艦，中國航空公司最終可能達五架。除了
航空公司的運營之外，計劃也正在通過對非洲之角國際反盜版活動的貢獻，學習如何進行
延續航行。中國派遣了 17個海軍特遣部隊 到該地區，輪船和乘務人員學習長途船舶處
理技能。