Here's why police don't shoot to wound in the case of deadly force
美國警察行使致命武力時為何不僅僅開槍打傷就好
https://tinyurl.com/y488vkeg
2019年6月13日，AJC新聞
US marshals shot and killed a man in Frayser, Tennessee, a north Memphis
neighborhood, on Wednesday, sparking a protest that turned violent and left
24 officers, two journalists and an untold number of protestors injured.
星期三，美國法警在田納西州位於Memphis北部Frayser的一個社區，開槍射擊並殺死了一
名男子，引發了一場抗議，該抗議活動變成了暴力活動，造成24名警察，兩名記者和無數
抗議者受傷。
The protest began when marshals were trying to apprehend Brandon Webber, 20,
according to the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, when Webber "reportedly
rammed his vehicle into the officers' vehicles multiple times before exiting
with a weapon," the bureau said. "The officers fired striking and killing the
individual. No officers were injured."
田納西州調查局表示，抗議活動始於法警試圖逮捕20歲的Brandon Webber，當時Webber
“據報曾多次將他的車撞向警察的車輛，然後手持武器下車” “警察開槍並殺害了該人
。沒有警察受傷。”
Below is a story from 2016, following two fatal shootings by police officers,
and describes police training that comes into play in a situation such as the
one in Frayser on Wednesday.
以下是2016年在接連發生了兩次警察槍擊致死事件的報導，講述警察所受的訓練是如何處
理像在周三Frayser所發生的情況。[註1：abc News 2016年7月7日報導，見文末摘要翻譯
]
Original story: People have taken to the streets in both Tulsa and Charlotte
during the past week, protesting the fatal shootings of two men by police
officers in those cities.
原報導：在過去的一周中，Tulsa和Charlotte的人們上街遊行，抗議那些城市的警察對兩
名男子的致命射擊。
Those incidents, along with other high profile fatal shootings involving
police in the past two years, have led some to ask the question – why do the
police shoot to kill? Why not try to shoot to wound, instead?
這些事件，以及其它在過去兩年中引人關注的警察致命槍擊事件，引起了一些人的疑問：
為什麼警察要開槍殺死人？為什麼不嘗試射傷呢？
While the question seems like a sound one considering the cases where unarmed
people have been shot by officers, simply put, police officers shoot at
people they perceive as posing a threat because that is what they are trained
to do in order to end that threat.
這個問題聽起來很合理，簡而言之，警察向被他們認為構成威脅的人開槍，因為他們被訓
練成這樣行動以終結威脅。
Here's a look at why police don't shoot to wound instead.
這就是警察為什麼不開槍打傷的理由。
Do officers really operate under a shoot-to-kill policy?
警察是否真的按照“射殺”政策運作？
Police officers are trained to shoot as many rounds as necessary at the
threat they are confronted with until the threat is neutralized – that is,
they are trained to fire until the suspect is unable to shoot or in some
other way injure the officer, other police or bystanders.
訓練有素的警察應對所面對的威脅進行盡可能多的射擊，直到威脅被消除為止；也就是說
，訓練有素的警察開槍，直到嫌疑人無法射擊或以其他方式傷害該警察，其他警察，或旁
觀者。
Why not “shoot to wound” instead?
為什麼不“射傷”呢？
For a couple of reasons: First, shooting to wound someone may not stop the
threat. If a person is shot in the leg, the threat may still exist as a
suspect could still use his or her hands to fire a gun or stab with a knife.
有以下兩個原因：首先，射擊傷人可能無法阻止威脅。如果一個人的腿被槍擊，威脅可能
仍然存在，因為犯罪嫌疑人仍可以用他或她的手用槍射擊人或用刀刺傷人。
Second, and most importantly, it takes a skilled marksman to hit someone
exactly in the arm or leg, and, most officers are not skilled marskmen. In
fact, outside of an old-fashioned TV Western, few people can make that shot,
no matter the training.
其次，也是最重要的一點是，射手需要熟練的技術才能準確地擊中某人的手臂或腿部，而
大多數警察都不是熟練的射手。事實上，除了電視上的老西部片以外，無論如何訓練，很
少有人可以做那樣的射擊。
Dr. Bill Lewinski, executive director of the Force Science Institute,
explained in a position paper for the Institute the physics involved in the
notion of training officers – who are often running after suspects – to “
shoot to wound.”
軍事科學研究所執行主任Bill Lewinski博士，在該研究所意見書中以訓練警察追捕嫌疑
人所涉及的物理概念，解釋了“射傷”的問題。
"Hands and arms can be the fastest-moving body parts,” Lewinski said. “For
example, an average suspect can move his hand and forearm across his body to
a 90-degree angle in 12/100 of a second. He can move his hand from his hip to
shoulder height in 18/100 of a second.”
Lewinski說：“手和手臂可能是運動最快的身體部位。例如，普通嫌疑犯可以在0.12秒內
將他的手和前臂橫跨身體90度角。他可以在0.18秒內將手從臀部移到肩膀的高度。”
"The average officer pulling the trigger as fast as he can on a Glock, one of
the fastest- cycling semi-autos, requires 1/4 second to discharge each round."
“普通警察在最快射速的半自動Glock手槍上以最快速度扣扳機，每輪也需要0.25秒才能
射出。”
“There is no way an officer can react, track, shoot and reliably hit a
threatening suspect's forearm or a weapon in a suspect's hand in the time
spans involved.”
“在涉及的時間跨度內，警察無法做出反應，描準，射擊並可靠地擊中威脅嫌疑人的前臂
或犯罪嫌疑人手中的武器。”
David Klinger, a professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the
University of Missouri-St. Louis, put it another way speaking to ABC News