http://ppt.cc/vRsH
Discrimination in Baseball: MLB Umpires, Racial Bias and Calling Strikes
(圖片是洋基上個系列賽對大都會時，Reyes覺得沒被tag到，但三壘裁判覺得有。)
全文在此：http://ppt.cc/kIf;
2011六月Aemrcain Economic Review研究，扣掉參考文獻25頁，
圖表或表格在第6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 19和22頁~ XD
以下是這個研究的摘要：
Major League Baseball umpires express their racial/ethnic preferences when
they evaluate pitchers. Strikes are called less often if the umpire and
pitcher do not match race/ethnicity, but mainly where there is little
scrutiny of umpires. Pitchers understand the incentives and throw pitches
that allow umpires less subjective judgment (e.g.,
fastballs over home plate) when they anticipate bias. These direct and
indirect effects bias performance measures of minorities downward. The
results suggest how discrimination alters discriminated groups’ behavior
generally. They imply that biases in measured productivity must be accounted
for in generating measures of wage discrimination.
大聯盟主審對投手是有種族偏好的，如果主審和投手來自不同種族，主審比較不常判好球
，主要原因是裁判很少仔細看球。
<照這個指標，布萊得彼特這個一般公認的白人帥哥來投，最能吸引主審仔細看球囉？:P>
投手也了解這個“紅利”，通常都投主審比較不那麼主觀判斷的球種<如本壘板上方
快速球>。這些直接或間接的影響讓小數民族在大聯盟的成績表現下滑。
研究結果顯示歧視如何改變被歧視族群的行為，
*<寫這研究的作者們真的戰很大 <汗>*
結果也顯示偏見在數據化的大聯盟一定會對薪水評估產生影響。 <