又來向前輩請教兩題，這次是文法考題：
1. 以下兩個句子若要選優劣，想跟前輩請教是否確實沒有文法錯誤、而(A)優於(B)
的原因是：(B)以平行寫法敘說三件事：are found、survive及extends，但三件事中顯然
are found是屬於背景，與後兩件事平行描述語意上模糊了焦點，改用(A)的寫法更顯語意
清楚？
(A) Found only in the Western Hemisphere, hummingbirds survive through
extremes of climate, their range extending from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego,
from sea- level rain forests to the edges of Andean snowfields and ice fields
at altitudes of 15000 feet.
(B) Hummingbirds are found only in the Western Hemisphere, survive through
extremes of climate, and their range extends from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego,
from sea- level rain forests to the edges of Andean snowfields and ice fields
at altitudes of 15000 feet.
2. 以下這兩個句子則是「大概知道」意思、想請教明確的文法規則解釋(看
conjunction 跟倒裝的討論看了好一下…)，知道(B)沒有連接詞一定是錯的、但不知道為
何(A)就可以。
(A) Less successful after she emigrated to New York than she had been in
her native Germany, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group
of discerning admirers, and her photographs were eventually exhibited in
prestigious galleries across the United States.
(B) She had been less successful after emigrating to New York than in her
native Germany, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group
of discerning admirers, and her photographs were eventually exhibited in
prestigious galleries across the United States.
3. 這題則是有幾處無法肯定解法，想跟前輩們請教的是其中的解題細節：
The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces
emotional reactions in an individual that, in turn, create unconscious
physiological responses.
A that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses
B that creates unconscious physiological responses in turn
C creating, in turn, unconscious physiological responses
D to create, in turn, physiological responses that are unconscious
E who creates unconscious physiological responses in turn
因為這個考試蠻考語意(也就是表達意思上細微的差別)，想法是挑出最重點的錯誤逐一去
，以免琢磨語意卻忽略了明顯的不合理：
1. 第一眼掃過去看到後面的錯誤比較細微，最明顯的差異應該在各選項的開頭處，
連接individual的寫法，而(A)&(B)首先看到一樣是用that子句、但動詞單複數不一致→
檢查主詞→無法決定是emotional reactions create responses 還是individual creates
response (還是根本是lying creates ?)
這題寫兩次，一次覺得只有人或lying才能response、刪去(A)；另一次覺得人不會
create response，人會「直接」response，是reaction create了人的response，刪去(B)
，覺得想到有點鑽牛角尖，且認為應該有更精確的判斷方式(無奈我的文法概念不太好…)
，此處希望有人可以提點>”<
2. 接下來刪去(E)：因為藉由關代who連接句子，使得後段要傳達的意思都變成
individual的modifier，傳達的意思就中斷了。(此處重點應為說造成人的情緒波動、進
而產生下意識生理反應，而(E)的「進而…」被隱藏或downgrade 成對人的修飾了。
3. 若剩下(A)(B)之一+(C)+(D)，接下來想刪去(D)：因為是unconscious response，
用to+V似乎相對為purposeful description。
4. 最後還是面對(A)(B)：若加入(C)來看(A)&(B)的差異，(C)的create動作者很明確
是lying、(B)可能是與(C)同、也可能是指individual；(A)則應指向複數名詞reactions，
就選了(A)。
(若選其他兩者、沒有理由不選另一個，或是又得考慮得更細，覺得鑽牛角尖，但其實沒
有solid reason)
覺得再寫一次也不太有把握、且第一個判斷點感覺應該有更明確的規則在，再請前輩們盡
量幫忙，謝謝。