紐約時報
Road to Talks Between the U.S. and North Korea Has Been Bumpy
美國與北韓顛簸的對談之路
President Trump agreed on Thursday to meet Kim Jong-un, the North Korean
leader. If talks go forward, they would be the highest-level meeting between
the two countries. No sitting president has ever met — or even spoken on the
phone — with a North Korean leader.
Here’s a look at previous attempts at dialogue and how the possible summit
meeting between Mr. Trump and Mr. Kim came about.
川普於周四同意與北韓領導金正恩坐下面談，若能成行，這將是兩國史上最高層級的會面
，美國從未有過在位總統與北韓領導通過電話，更別提面對面對談。
以下是美國與北韓嘗試對話之路
1994年 The Brink of War and an Agreement 戰爭的邊緣與協議
While no sitting American president has met with a North Korean leader, two
former presidents have
雖然沒有在位的美國總統與北韓領袖面談，但有兩位卸任總統曾成功進行會談。
Jimmy Carter met Kim Il-sung, North Korea’s founder, in 1994. Against the
wishes of Bill Clinton, then the president, Mr. Carter traveled to North Korea’
s capital, Pyongyang, after American intelligence agencies said they believed
the North was processing plutonium for use in nuclear weapons.
於1994年，由於美國情報局認為北韓私底下精煉鈽以製造核武器
即便時位總統柯林頓的反對，卡特前總統仍執意前往平壤與北韓國父金日成會面
Mr. Carter’s meeting with Mr. Kim, who died three weeks later, set in motion
the resumption of talks that led to what was called the Agreed Framework. Under
that agreement, North Korea halted the construction of two reactors that could
be used to produce fuel for nuclear weapons in exchange for oil and the promise
of two light-water nuclear reactors that could produce energy but not weapons
fuel.
在會面後三周便過世的金日成，與卡特總統的會談奠定了美韓達成框架協議的基礎
北韓同意暫停兩座用來製造核彈的核子反應爐，作為交換，北韓可拿到燃油及兩座
只能用來產生能源，不能製造核彈的輕型反應爐
President Clinton would later agree to the deal, but Congress often delayed the
oil shipments and refused to immediately lift sanctions, and the light-water
reactors were never built.
稍後柯林頓總統也同意了此項協議，但美國國會延遲燃油的運輸，並且拒絕馬上撤銷
制裁，輕型反應爐也因此從未建造過。
2000年 North and South Korea Hold Talks 南北韓和平對談
Kim Il-sung’s son and successor, Kim Jong-il, and the then president of South
Korea, Kim Dae-jung, met in Pyongyang in 2000, the first such summit meeting
between the leaders of the two Koreas since a war divided the peninsula 50
years earlier.
金日成的繼位人金正日，與前南韓總統金大中於2000年在平壤會面，
在韓戰爆發，南北韓分裂50年後，首次兩韓領袖進行高峰會。
(註:金大中因此獲得2000年諾貝爾和平獎)
The talks ushered in an unprecedented rapprochement and various joint projects
including a factory park in the North Korean town of Kaesong. But the
credibility of Kim Dae-jung’s so-called Sunshine Policy was damaged after an
investigation revealed that the South Korean government had funneled $450
million to the North shortly before the talks.
此次高峰會達成了史無前例的和談，以及許多共同計畫，包含了開城的工業區開發
但事後南韓政府被揭發了曾在高峰會前送了4.5億美金給北韓
造成金大中提倡的陽光政策公信力受損。
Madeleine Albright Visits the North 美國國務卿訪北韓
Kim Jong-il invited President Clinton to North Korea in 2000. Madeleine K.
Albright, the secretary of state, went instead. She traveled to Pyongyang in an
effort to expand the Agreed Framework to include ballistic missiles, which
North Korea was developing and selling abroad.
2000年時金正日邀請柯林頓總統至北韓，美國國務卿Madeleine Albright代替柯林頓
出訪平壤，旨在延伸框架協議中的內容，包含了北韓正在製造與外銷的導彈
Clinton administration officials said a deal was close, but nothing was
concluded by the time President George W. Bush took office in 2001.
柯林頓稱框架協議已接近完成，但直到2001年小布希上任時仍舊一事無成。
2002 - 2006 A Nuclear Bomb Test 核彈測試
The Agreed Framework collapsed in 2002 after the United States confronted North
Korea over its secret program to enrich uranium using equipment from Pakistan.
The United States stopped oil shipments to North Korea and Pyongyang restarted
its nuclear weapons program.
框架協議於2002年正式宣告失敗，因為北韓仍持續祕密從巴基斯坦來的設備精煉鈾
美國停止燃油的援助，北韓重新開始核彈的研發
The so-called Six-Party Talks continued fitfully between representatives of
North and South Korea, China, Russia, Japan and the United States. The North
said in 2005 that it would give up nuclear weapons and its existing nuclear
programs in return for security guarantees. North Korea carried out its first
nuclear test in 2006.
所謂的六方會談，包含南北韓及美日中俄，在2005年北韓願意放棄核武器及現有核武計畫
以換取安全承諾，但北韓於2006年進行首次核彈測試
2007 - 2011 Six-Party Talks Collapse 六方會談瓦解
In 2007, Kim Jong-il and South Korea’s president at the time, Roh Moo-hyun,
held the second summit meeting between the two sides. The meeting produced an
agreement aimed at expanding inter-Korean ties and easing military tensions
along the disputed maritime border on the west coast of the Korean Peninsula.
But the deal came at the end of Mr. Roh’s five-year administration and his
conservative successor quickly scrapped it.
2007年時，金正日與時任南韓總統盧武鉉召開第二次南北韓高峰會，會議目的為擬定
包含加強南北韓合作及減緩朝鮮半島西岸日益緊張的軍事局面等的協議。
但此項協議在盧武鉉五年任期結束後，被強硬派的李明博否決掉。
The Six-Party Talks eventually collapsed in 2009, largely over the question of
allowing international inspectors into North Korean sites.
That same year, Mr. Clinton traveled to North Korea and met with Kim Jong-il to
secure the release of two American journalists, Euna Lee and Laura Ling.
Kim Jong-il died in 2011 and his youngest son, Kim Jong-un took over control of
North Korea.
是否讓核武檢查員進入北韓的問題無法達成共識，六方會談於2009年宣告瓦解
同年，柯林頓前總統為了救援兩位被囚禁的美國記者，前往北韓與金正日會面，
2011年金正日過世，金正恩正式接管北韓
2012 President Obama Pursues ‘Strategic Patience’歐巴馬的戰略忍耐政策
The Obama administration pursued a strategy of escalating sanctions it
described as strategic patience, although meetings between diplomats from the
two sides continued.
歐巴馬當局對北韓實施經濟制裁，稱為戰略忍耐政策
但雙方的外交官員仍持續保持互動
An agreement appeared to be reached on Feb. 29, 2012, under which the North
would allow the return of weapons inspectors, and halt its long-range missile
and nuclear weapons programs in return for American food aid.
2012年2月29日，北韓為了換取美國的食物援助，承諾讓核武檢查員進入北韓
以及暫停長程導彈與核武的研發計畫。
However, the deal died soon after when North Korea launched a rocket to put a
satellite in orbit, which the United States considered part of its efforts to
develop long-range ballistic missiles.
然而，此項協議於北韓發射火箭將衛星送上了太空後作廢，因美國認為此為北韓
持續研發長程導彈的過程之一。
2016 - 2017 Trump Signals Willingness to Talk 川普表露面談的意願
During the 2016 presidential campaign, Mr. Trump said he would be willing to
hold direct negotiations with Mr. Kim as part of efforts to halt North Korea’s
nuclear program.
He later pushed back against criticism over his willingness to speak with the
North Korean leader.
2016年美國總統競選中，川普說他願意為了暫停北韓的核武計畫和金正恩面談
但川普因輿論的批判而改口
“Who the hell cares? I’ll speak to anybody. Who knows?” Mr. Trump said. “
There’s a 10 percent or a 20 percent chance that I can talk him out of those
damn nukes because who the hell wants him to have nukes? And there’s a chance
— I’m only gonna make a good deal for us.”
"誰關心阿? 我可以和任何人談阿，誰知道?"
"有10%~20%的機率我可以成功勸他放棄核武，誰希望他手上握有核武阿?"
"我只談對美國有利益的條件"
After the death of Otto F. Warmbier, a University of Virginia honors student
who spent 17 months in North Korean captivity, Mr. Trump condemned the “brutal
regime” in North Korea.
維吉尼亞大學生 Otto F. Warmbier被北韓囚禁17個月後，獲釋後返國第六天過世
川普譴責北韓的不人道行徑。
Stronger Missiles and More Powerful Nukes 更強大的導彈與核武
During the first year of Mr. Trump’s presidency, North Korea tested ballistic
missiles with increasingly longer ranges that put the United States within
reach. The North also carried out its sixth and most powerful nuclear
detonation, which the regime claimed was a hydrogen device.
在川普的第一年任期，北韓測試了將美國涵蓋在投射範圍的加強長程導彈
更進行了北韓第六次也是強度最大的核武試爆，據稱該核武器為氫彈等級
Mr. Trump threatened to assail North Korea with “fire and fury” if the
country endangered the United States. Undeterred, North Korea announced it was
considering a strike against Guam, where the United States maintains a critical
air base, that would create “an enveloping fire” around the Pacific island.
川普聲稱如果北韓危害到美國，將以烈焰與怒火顛覆北韓
北韓隨後說他們正考慮以火力包圍瞄準關島的美軍空軍基地
Trump and Kim’s War of Words 川普與金正恩的隔空交火
In his inaugural speech to the United Nations General Assembly, Mr. Trump vowed
to “totally destroy” North Korea if it threatened the United States or its
allies. “If the righteous many don’t confront the wicked few, then evil will
triumph,” he said.
在聯合會大會的就職演說，川普發誓若是北韓威脅到美國與其盟國，將全面摧毀北韓
"如果正義的多數不去對抗邪惡的少數，邪惡就會得勝"
“Rocket man is on a suicide mission for himself,” he said of Mr. Kim in
September, having debuted the nickname on Twitter earlier that month. Mr. Kim
later called Mr. Trump “a dotard.”
"這個火箭人正在自掘墳墓" 川普稱金正恩是火箭人
隨後金正恩說川普是一個"老番癲"
Mr. Trump’s United Nations speech came just days after North Korea fired a
ballistic missile over Japan.
北韓發射了橫跨日本的導彈試射後幾天，川普於聯合國進行演講。
2018 An Olympic Overture 冬奧的初步交涉
Two days into 2018, Mr. Trump said American and international sanctions on
North Korea prompted talks between North and South Korea — a prospect raised
during a speech made by Mr. Kim on New Year’s Day.
2018年的第二天，川普說美國與國際對北韓的經濟制裁促使了南北韓對談
Mr. Kim boasted of having a button on his desk from which he could order a
strike against the mainland United States. Mr. Trump responded on Twitter that
he possessed a “much bigger & more powerful” nuclear button.
金正恩誇耀說他桌上有核武發射鈕能夠隨時瞄準美國發射
川普隨後在推特上回擊 "林北的核武發射鈕比你的更大顆"
Later that month, during his inaugural State of the Union speech, Mr. Trump
vowed he would not repeat “the mistakes of past administrations that got us
into this dangerous position.”
隨後在該月的總統就職演說中，川普說他不會犯下前幾位的總統的錯誤而導致美國陷入
核武的威脅。
North Korea agreed to send a delegation to South Korea for the Winter Olympics
last month. The move helped ease tensions between the two sides. Kim Yo-jong,
Mr. Kim’s sister, went to Pyeongchang, South Korea, for the opening ceremony.
北韓同意派遣代表赴南韓參加冬奧，這項動議減緩了雙方的緊張局勢
金正恩的妹妹金與正前往平昌參加冬奧的開幕式。
Ivanka Trump, the president’s daughter and a senior White House adviser,
traveled to South Korea to attend the closing ceremony. Her appearance came
after a failed attempt by South Korean officials to coordinate a meeting
between Kim Yo-jong and Vice President Mike Pence at the outset of the Games.
川普的女兒伊凡卡以及資深白宮顧問參加冬奧的閉幕式
金與正的美國副總統彭斯原先預定的密會突然破局
Two top South Korean officials, Chung Eui-yong, national security adviser, and
Suh Hoon, the director of National Intelligence Service, traveled to North
Korea this week to meet with Mr. Kim and set the groundwork for the overture to
Mr. Trump.
南韓國家安保室長鄭義溶與國家情報院院長徐薰將組成特使團前往北韓和金正恩碰面
，為川普-金正恩的世紀會面鋪路。
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