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1.媒體來源:
外媒 sciencealert
2.記者署名:
By TESSA KOUMOUNDOUROS
3.完整新聞標題:
One 'Super Predator' Instills More Fear in Marsupials Than Any Other Creature
研究證實人類是地球上主要的恐懼根源
4.完整新聞內文:
One 'Super Predator' Instills More Fear in Marsupials Than Any Other Creature
NATURE
27 May 2024
By TESSA KOUMOUNDOUROS
Dogs were runner up. (Milan Krasula//Getty Images)
一種「超級捕食者」比任何其他生物都更讓有袋動物感到恐懼
自然
2024 年 5 月 27 日
經過泰莎·庫蒙杜羅斯
狗獲得亞軍。 （米蘭克拉蘇拉//蓋蒂圖片社）
Mammals likely have as diverse a set of opinions as they have variety in
their physical forms, but there may be one thing they can all agree on:
humans are their greatest fear.
哺乳動物可能有各種各樣的觀點，就像它們的身體形態多種多樣一樣，但它們可能都同意
一件事：人類是它們最大的恐懼。
Multiple studies in the Northern Hemisphere show the sound of our voices
evokes more terror than other apex predators and now new research in the
Southern Hemisphere reaches the same conclusion.
Australian marsupials studied in Tasmania were at least 2.4 times more likely
to flee from human voices than the sound of any other predator considered.
北半球的多項研究表明，我們的聲音比其他頂級掠食者更能引起恐懼，現在南半球的新研
究也得出了同樣的結論。
在塔斯馬尼亞州研究的澳洲有袋動物逃離人類聲音的可能性至少是任何其他掠食者聲音
的 2.4 倍。
"Wildlife worldwide evidently recognize that it is humans who are the largest
source of danger," University of Tasmania ecologist Katherine McGann and
colleagues write in their paper.
And they're not wrong.
From exploiting more than 300 times more vertebrate species than comparable
predators, to our global scale ecological destruction, we humans are by far
the most lethal mammals on the planet.
塔斯馬尼亞大學生態學家凱瑟琳·麥克甘及其同事在論文中寫道： “全世界的野生動物
顯然認識到人類是最大的危險來源。”
他們並沒有錯。
從比同類掠食者多利用300 倍以上的脊椎動物物種，到全球的生態破壞，我們人類是迄今
為止地球上最致命的哺乳動物。
Last year researchers discovered mammals on the African savannah fear the
sound of humans even more than lions, so McGann and team were keen to see if
our voices also provoked the most fear in mammals that haven't evolved
alongside many large predators.
Australian marsupials are considered predator-naive because some have muted
or even absent reactions to signs of Northern Hemisphere predators like foxes
or dogs. This has allowed invasive predators to wreak havoc on many
vulnerable species.
去年，研究人員發現非洲大草原上的哺乳動物比獅子更害怕人類的聲音，因此麥甘和團隊
很想知道我們的聲音是否也會引起那些沒有與許多大型掠食者一起進化的哺乳動物最恐懼
。
澳洲有袋動物被認為是天真的掠食者，因為有些有袋動物對北半球捕食者（如狐狸或狗）
的跡象反應遲鈍甚至沒有反應。這使得入侵性捕食者對許多脆弱物種造成嚴重破壞。
The tammar wallaby (Notamacropus eugenii), for instance, only reacts to the
sight of dingoes, not their sounds. Ethologist Daniel Blumstein and team
suggest this may be because visual cues of predators are more distinct than
their vocalizations. For example, predators all have forward-facing eyes for
better depth perception.
Predator naivety in Australian marsupials has been attributed to the absence
of large mammalian predators on the continent for the last 50,000 years. But
such conclusions neglect the presence of humans.
例如，塔瑪袋鼠（Notamacropus eugenii ）只對野狗的視線做出反應，而對它們的聲音
沒有反應。動物行為學家丹尼爾布魯姆斯坦（Daniel Blumstein）和他的團隊認為，這可
能是因為掠食者的視覺線索比它們的聲音更清晰。例如，捕食者都有向前看的眼睛，以獲
得更好的深度感知。
澳洲有袋動物對掠食者的天真被歸因於過去五萬年來該大陸缺乏大型哺乳動物捕食者。但
這樣的結論忽略了人類的存在。
"This exemplifies what has long been a very common oversight in ecology,
which is not recognizing or considering the role of humans as predators,"
McGann and team point out.
So the researchers exposed wild kangaroos, wallabies, pademelons, and possums
to the sounds of sheep, dogs, Tasmanian devils, wolves, and humans. In 684
videos recording their responses to exposure, the marsupials fled 2.4 times
more often from the sound of humans than they did to the animal they reacted
second most to – dogs.
麥甘和團隊指出：“這體現了生態學領域長期以來的一個非常普遍的疏忽，即沒有認識到
或考慮人類作為捕食者的角色。”
因此，研究人員讓野生袋鼠、小袋鼠、小袋鼠和負鼠接觸綿羊、狗、塔斯馬尼亞袋獾、狼
和人類的聲音。在記錄有袋動物對暴露反應的 684 個影片中，有袋動物因人類聲音而逃
跑的次數是它們因第二大動物（狗）而逃跑的次數的 2.4 倍。
While brushtail possums were least likely to flee, they still displayed signs
of vigilance – rearing up on their hind legs.
"Our vigilance results corroborate that all four species significantly fear
humans," the authors write, "just as supplementary measures corroborated the
fear of humans in species with low proclivities to flee in the comparable
experiment in Africa (e.g. elephants)."
Oddly, introduced fallow deer, which the team also challenged, fled just as
often from the recordings of the other predators as they did from human
voices.
雖然刷尾負鼠逃跑的可能性最小，但它們仍然表現出警惕的跡象—用後腿直立。
作者寫道：「我們的警覺性結果證實，所有四個物種都明顯害怕人類，就像在非洲的類似
實驗中，補充措施證實了逃離傾向較低的物種（例如大象）對人類的恐懼一樣。
奇怪的是，研究小組也對引入的小鹿進行了挑戰，它們從其他掠食者的錄音中逃跑的次數
與從人類聲音中逃跑的次數一樣多。
The researchers suspect this may be a consequence of their intermittent
captivity and their very small founding genetic pool. Just 12 individuals
were introduced to Tasmania in 1829, so they may have remained
semi-domesticated.
But this appears to be an unusual exception, with animals from Africa, Asia,
Europe, North America, and now Australia all reacting most fearfully to our
voices.
研究人員懷疑這可能是由於它們間歇性圈養和其非常小的創始基因庫造成的。 1829 年，
只有 12 隻個體被引入塔斯馬尼亞，因此它們可能仍處於半馴化狀態。
但這似乎是一個不尋常的例外，來自非洲、亞洲、歐洲、北美和現在澳洲的動物都對我們
的聲音做出了最可怕的反應。
Sadly, the continuous triggering of fear alone can reduce prey animal
populations across generations. Most animals can't avoid us for long these
days, either, as we're basically everywhere.
But we can make use of their fear for their own good too, such as dissuading
rhinos from entering areas with high poaching.
"We recommend the use of human playbacks to aid crop protection and to reduce
damage to native and endemic plants," McGann and colleagues suggest.
This research was published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences.
可悲的是，僅僅持續引發恐懼就會減少幾代獵物的數量。如今，大多數動物也無法長時間
避開我們，因為我們基本上無所不在。
但我們也可以利用它們的恐懼來為自己謀福利，例如阻止犀牛進入偷獵率高的地區。
「我們建議使用人類回放來幫助保護作物並減少對本地和特有植物的損害，」McGann 及
其同事建議。
這項研究發表在《英國皇家學會學報 B：生物科學》。
5.完整新聞連結 (或短網址)不可用YAHOO、LINE、MSN等轉載媒體:
https://reurl.cc/ZeloGp
6.備註:
恐怖直立猿這稱號可不是空穴來風...