備註請放最後面 違者新聞文章刪除
1.媒體來源:
AP 美聯社
2.記者署名:
GRAHAM DUNBAR
3.完整新聞標題:
Sex eligibility rules for female athletes are complex and legally difficult.
Here’s how they work
女運動員的性別資格規則很複雜，而且在法律上也很困難。他們是這樣運作的
4.完整新聞內文:
PARIS (AP) — Women’s boxing at the Paris Olympics has highlighted the
complexity of drafting and enforcing sex eligibility rules for women’s
sports and how athletes like Imane Khelif of Algeria and Lin Yu-ting of
Taiwan are left vulnerable in the fallout.
巴黎（美聯社）—巴黎奧運會上的女子拳擊凸顯了起草和執行女子運動性別資格規則的複
雜性，以及像阿爾及利亞選手伊曼·哈利夫和台灣選手林玉婷這樣的運動員如何在這場影
響中變得脆弱。
When eligibility for women’s events has come into question, it often has
been a legally difficult process for sports bodies that has risked exposing
athletes to humiliation and abuse. In the 1960s, the Olympics used degrading
visual tests intended to verify the sex of athletes.
The modern era of eligibility rules are widely known to have started in 2009,
after South African 800-meter runner Caster Semenya surged to stardom on the
track as an 18-year-old gold medalist at the world championships.
Semenya, the Olympic champion in the 800 meters in 2012 and 2016, is not
competing in Paris because she effectively is banned from doing so unless she
medically reduces her testosterone. She is, however, still involved in a
legal challenge to track’s rules, now into its seventh year.
Here’s a look at sex tests in sports and the complexity they create amid
changing attitudes toward gender identity:
What is the criteria for female participation?
Testosterone levels — not XY chromosomes, which is the pattern typically
seen in men — are the key criterion of eligibility in Olympic events where
the sport’s governing body has framed and approved rules.
That’s because some women, assigned female at birth and identifying as
women, have conditions called differences of sex development, or DSD, that
involves an XY chromosome pattern or natural testosterone higher than the
typical female range. Some sports officials say that gives them an unfair
advantage over other women in sports, but the science is inconclusive.
Semenya, whose medical data proved impossible to keep private during her
legal cases — has a DSD condition. She was legally identified as female at
birth and has identified as female her whole life.
Testosterone is a natural hormone that increases the mass and strength of
bone and muscle after puberty. The normal adult male range rises to multiple
times higher than for females, up to about 30 nanomoles per liter of blood
compared with less than 2 nmol/L for women.
In 2019, at a Court of Arbitration for Sport hearing, track’s governing body
argued athletes with DSD conditions were “biologically male.” Semenya said
that was “deeply hurtful.”
Semenya’s case played out very publicly before 2021, when gender identity
was a big story at the Tokyo Olympics and in society and sports in general.
She took oral contraceptives from 2010-15 to reduce her testosterone levels
and said they caused a myriad of unwanted side effects: weight gain, fevers,
a constant feeling of nausea and abdominal pain, all of which she experienced
while running at the 2011 world championships and 2012 Olympics.
Female athletes of color have historically faced disproportionate scrutiny
and discrimination when it comes to sex testing and false accusations that
they are male or transgender.
Why does sex verification testing differ between sports?
Each governing body of an Olympic sport is responsible for drafting its own
rules, from the field of play to who is eligible to play.
Women’s boxing came to the Paris Games with effectively the same eligibility
criterion — an athlete is female in her passport — as at the Rio de Janeiro
Olympics in 2016 after the International Boxing Association was permanently
banned from the Games following decades of troubled governance and
longstanding accusations of a thorough lack of normal transparency. Much has
happened in the science and debate in those eight years.
Since the Tokyo Games in 2021, track’s World Athletics tightened the
eligibility rules for female athletes with DSD conditions. Starting in March
2023, it required them to suppress their testosterone levels below 2.5 nmol/L
for six months, commonly through hormone-suppressing treatment, to be
eligible to compete.
That was half the level of 5 nmol/L proposed in 2015 for athletes competing
at distances from 400 meters to 1 mile.
World Athletics followed another major sport — World Aquatics — in
prohibiting transgender women from competing in women’s races if they had
undergone male puberty. The International Cycling Union also took this step
last year.
The swim body’s world-leading rules additionally require transgender women
athletes who did not benefit from male puberty to maintain testosterone
levels below 2.5 nmol/L.
World Aquatics is not actively testing junior athletes. The first step for
athletes is that national swim federations “certify their chromosomal sex.”
Similarly, soccer’s world body FIFA defers to its national member
federations to verify and register the sex of players.
“No mandatory or routine gender testing verification examinations will take
place at FIFA competitions,” it said in a 2011 advisory that is still in
force and has been under a lengthy review.
Why do governing bodies care about who identifies as female?
Many sports bodies try to balance inclusion for all athletes and fairness to
all on the field of play. They also argue that in contact and combat sports,
like boxing, physical safety is a key consideration.
In the Semenya case, the judges at the Court of Arbitration for Sport
acknowledged in a 2-1 ruling against her that discrimination against some
women was “a necessary, reasonable and proportionate means” to preserve
fairness.
Male athletes are not required to regulate their natural levels of
testosterone, and female athletes who do not have DSD conditions also can
benefit.
“The idea that a testosterone test is some kind of magic bullet is actually
not true,” International Olympic Committee spokesman Mark Adams said in
Paris as the women’s boxing debate has raged.
What does the IOC require?
The IOC is at times very powerful and at others not at all.
The Switzerland-based organization manages the “Olympic Charter” book of
rules, owns the Olympics brand, picks the hosts and helps fund them through
the billions of dollars it earns selling the broadcasting and sponsor rights.
The Olympic sports events, however, are run by the individual governing
bodies, like FIFA and World Athletics. They codify and enforce their own
athlete eligibility and field-of-play rules as well as disciplinary codes.
So when Olympics sports reviewed and updated how they handled sex eligibility
issues, including with transgender athletes, the IOC published advice in
2021, not binding rules.
That was the organization’s framework on gender and sex inclusion that
recognized the need for a “safe, harassment-free environment” honoring
athletes’ identities while ensuring competitions are fair.
Boxing, however, was different, and the consequences have hit hard in Paris.
The IOC has been in a yearslong and increasingly bitter feud with the
International Boxing Association, which is now Russian-led, culminating in a
permanent ban from the Olympics last year.
For the second straight Summer Games, the Olympic boxing tournaments have
been run by an IOC-appointed administrative committee and not a functioning
governing body.
In this dysfunction, boxing eligibility rules have not kept pace with other
sports, and the issues weren’t addressed ahead of the Paris Games.
At the 2023 world championships, Khelif and Lin were disqualified and denied
medals by the IBA, which said they failed eligibility tests for the women’s
competition but has given little information about them. The governing body
has contradicted itself repeatedly about whether the tests measured
testosterone.
In a chaotic press conference Monday in Paris, IBA officials said they did
blood tests on only four of the hundreds of fighters at the 2022 world
championships and that it tested Khelif and Lin in response to complaints
from other teams, apparently acknowledging an uneven standard of profiling
that is considered widely unacceptable in sports.
Who is challenging established rules in some sports?
Before Semenya, there was sprinter Dutee Chand of India who went to the Court
of Arbitration for Sport. She challenged track and field’s initial
testosterone rules passed in 2011 as a reaction to Semenya.
A first CAS ruling for Chand in 2015 froze the rules and led to an update in
2018, which was then challenged by Semenya. Her career in the 800 stalled
because she refused to take medication to artificially suppress her
testosterone levels and was barred from competing at elite events.
Semenya lost at CAS in 2019 but went through Switzerland’s supreme court to
the European Court of Human Rights, where she scored a landmark, but not
total, win last year.
In May, another ECHR hearing in Semenya’s case was held, and a ruling likely
will come next year.
The case could be sent back to Switzerland, maybe even back to CAS in the
Olympic home city of Lausanne, Switzerland. Other sports are watching and
waiting.
當女子項目的資格受到質疑時，對於體育機構來說，這往往是一個法律上困難的過程，可
能會讓運動員面臨羞辱和虐待的風險。 20 世紀 60 年代，奧運會使用了有辱人格的視覺
測試，旨在驗證運動員的性別。
眾所周知，現代資格規則時代始於 2009 年，當時南非 800 公尺跑運動員卡斯特·塞門
亞 (Caster Semenya) 在世錦賽上以 18 歲的金牌獲得者的身份一躍成為賽場明星。
2012 年和 2016 年奧運會 800 公尺冠軍塞門亞沒有參加巴黎比賽，因為她實際上被禁止
參加比賽，除非她透過醫學手段降低睪固酮水平。然而，她仍然參與田徑規則的法律挑戰
，現在已經進入第七年了。
以下是體育運動中的性別測試，以及它們在人們對性別認同態度不斷變化的過程中所產生
的複雜性：
女性參與的標準是什麼？
睪固酮水平（而不是男性中常見的 XY 染色體模式）是奧運比賽資格的關鍵標準，奧運的
管理機構制定並批准了規則。
這是因為，一些出生時被指定為女性並被認定為女性的女性患有稱為性發育差異（DSD）
的病症，其中涉及 XY 染色體模式或天然睪固酮水平高於典型女性範圍。一些體育官員表
示，這讓她們在運動中比其他女性擁有不公平的優勢，但科學還沒有定論。
Semenya患有 DSD 病症，她的醫療資料在她的法律案件中被證明不可能保密。她在出生時
就被法律認定為女性，並且一生都被認定為女性。
睪酮是一種天然激素，可增加青春期後骨骼和肌肉的質量和強度。正常成年男性的範圍比
女性高出數倍，高達每公升血液約 30 納摩爾，而女性則低於 2 奈摩爾/公升。
2019 年，在體育仲裁法庭聽證會上，田徑管理機構辯稱，患有 DSD 病症的運動員「在生
物學上是男性」。塞門亞說這「非常傷人」。
塞門亞的案件在 2021 年之前就非常公開地發生過，當時性別認同是東京奧運以及整個社
會和體育界的一個大新聞。她從2010-15 年間服用口服避孕藥來降低睪固酮水平，並表示
這些藥物導致了許多不良副作用：體重增加、發燒、持續的噁心感和腹痛，所有這些都是
她在參加2011 年世界錦標賽時經歷過的和2012年奧運。
有色人種女運動員在性別測試和男性或跨性別者的錯誤指控方面歷來面臨過度的審查和歧
視。
為什麼不同運動項目的性別驗證測試會有所不同？
奧林匹克運動項目的每個管理機構都負責起草自己的規則，從比賽場地到參賽資格。
女子拳擊參加巴黎奧運會的資格標準實際上與 2016 年裡約熱內盧奧運會相同——運動員
的護照上必須是女性——此前國際拳擊協會因數十年的治理問題和長期指控而被永久禁止
參加奧運會。正常的透明度。這八年裡，科學界和辯論界發生了很多事情。
自2021年東京奧運會以來，世界田徑協會收緊了對符合DSD條件的女運動員的資格規則。
從 2023 年 3 月開始，要求他們在六個月內將睪固酮水平抑制在 2.5 nmol/L 以下，通
常透過荷爾蒙抑制治療，才有資格參加比賽。
這只是 2015 年為 400 公尺至 1 英里比賽距離的運動員提出的 5 nmol/L 水平的一半。
世界田徑運動緊接著另一項主要運動——世界水上運動——禁止已經歷男性青春期的跨性
別女性參加女子比賽。國際自行車聯盟去年也採取了這項措施。
游泳協會世界領先的規則還要求未從男性青春期獲益的變性女運動員將睪固酮水平維持
在 2.5 nmol/L 以下。
世界游泳運動會並沒有積極測試青少年運動員。運動員的第一步是國家游泳聯合會「證明
他們的染色體性別」。
同樣，世界足球組織國際足總 (FIFA) 也遵循其國家成員聯合會的規定來核實和登記球員
的性別。
國際足總在 2011 年的一份建議中表示，“國際足總比賽中不會進行強制性或例行的性別
測試驗證檢查”，該建議仍然有效，並且經過了長時間的審查。
為什麼管理機構關心誰是女性？
許多體育機構試圖平衡所有運動員的包容性和賽場上所有人的公平性。他們也認為，在拳
擊等接觸性和格鬥運動中，人身安全是關鍵考慮因素。
在塞門亞案中，體育仲裁法院的法官以 2 比 1 的比分做出了不利於她的裁決，承認對某
些女性的歧視是維護公平的「必要、合理和相稱的手段」。
男性運動員不需要調節其自然睪固酮水平，沒有 DSD 病症的女性運動員也可以受益。
「認為睪固酮測試是某種靈丹妙藥的想法實際上是不正確的，」國際奧委會發言人馬克亞
當斯在巴黎表示，女子拳擊辯論已經愈演愈烈。
國際奧委會有什麼要求？
國際奧委會有時非常強大，有時卻毫無權力。
這家總部位於瑞士的組織管理《奧林匹克憲章》的規則手冊，擁有奧運品牌，挑選主辦方
，並透過出售轉播權和贊助權賺取的數十億美元來幫助資助主辦方。
然而，奧運體育賽事是由國際足總和世界田徑等各個管理機構管理的。他們制定並執行自
己的運動員資格、賽場規則以及紀律守則。
因此，當奧運體育部門審查和更新他們處理性別資格問題（包括跨性別運動員）的方式時
，國際奧委會在 2021 年發布了建議，而不是具有約束力的規則。
這是該組織關於性別和性別包容的框架，該框架認識到需要一個“安全、無騷擾的環境”
，尊重運動員的身份，同時確保比賽公平。
然而，拳擊運動卻有所不同，其後果在巴黎受到了沉重打擊。
國際奧委會與目前由俄羅斯領導的國際拳擊協會之間存在著數年且日益激烈的爭執，最終
於去年被永久禁止參加奧運。
連續第二屆夏季奧運會，奧運會拳擊比賽都是由國際奧委會指定的管理委員會而不是一個
正常運作的管理機構負責管理。
在這種功能失調的情況下，拳擊資格規則沒有跟上其他運動的步伐，而且這些問題在巴黎
奧運會之前也沒有得到解決。
在 2023 年世錦賽上，哈利夫和林(Khelif and Lin)被 IBA 取消資格並拒絕獲得獎牌，
IBA 表示她們沒有通過女子比賽的資格測試，但幾乎沒有提供有關她們的資訊。對於這
些測試是否測量睪酮水平，管理機構一再自相矛盾。
在週一在巴黎舉行的一場混亂的新聞發布會上，IBA 官員表示，他們只對2022 年世錦賽
數百名拳手中的四人進行了血液檢測，並針對其他球隊的投訴對哈利夫和林進行了檢測，
這顯然承認了不平衡的標準。
誰在挑戰某些運動中的既定規則？
在塞門亞之前，印度短跑運動員杜蒂·昌德（Dutee Chand）曾向體育仲裁法庭提起訴訟
。作為對塞門亞的反應，她對 2011 年通過的田徑運動最初的睪固酮規則提出了挑戰。
CAS 於 2015 年對 Chand 做出的首次裁決凍結了規則，並於 2018 年進行了更新，隨後
受到 Semenya 的挑戰。她的 800 公尺職業生涯陷入停滯，因為她拒絕服用藥物來人為抑
制睪固酮水平，並被禁止參加精英賽事。
塞門亞於 2019 年在 CAS 中敗訴，但透過瑞士最高法院向歐洲人權法院提起訴訟，去年
她在歐洲人權法院取得了里程碑式的勝利，但並非全部勝利。
5 月，歐洲人權法院就 Semenya 案件舉行了另一場聽證會，裁決可能將於明年做出。
該案件可能會被送回瑞士，甚至可能會被送回位於奧運會主辦城市瑞士洛桑的 CAS。其他
運動項目都在觀望和等待。
5.完整新聞連結 (或短網址)不可用YAHOO、LINE、MSN等轉載媒體:
https://apnews.com/article/sex-eligibility-tests-female-athletes-07572d23d409126a8e069cb0bced1706
https://reurl.cc/1bYmOX
6.備註:
什麼美國野雞新聞 竟敢汙衊林破壞女性比賽公平性
青鳥 快飛阿
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