http://hss.nthu.edu.tw/~ylh/uploadfiles/paper216_0.pdf
"...遂於十六世紀初又出現較輕的青銅鑄後膛裝填式火砲，葡萄牙人名之為 berço，其內
徑約 5 cm，砲重約 150 kg，發射 1 lb 重之彈，每門母銃配備 4 門子銃，有效射程
約 600 m，最快每半分鐘可發射一發。）然因當時機械的製造精度不夠，導致膛內
火藥的爆炸力量常從母、子銃的間隙外洩，此故，銅鑄的前裝滑膛火砲
(muzzleloading smoothbore cannon)在十六世紀前期逐漸引領風潮，並在該世紀末葉令
後膛裝填的火砲開始從歐洲各國的海船淡出。至十六世紀末葉，因航海需求益增，且銅價
遠高於鐵，鑄鐵砲才日益普及。"
"...嘉靖二年起，軍器局陸續發造大、中、小樣佛郎機銅銃，至於鐵佛郎機銃的鑄造，
則始自嘉靖四十年。據嘉靖末年的統計，遼東各城總共配置了各式佛郎機銃 1,443門，
其中至少有 549 門為銅銃；而戚繼光（1528–1588）在其《紀效新書》中，亦曾提及
佛郎機銃有長達 9 尺（明清 1 尺約合 32 cm）者。"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breech-loading_swivel_gun
"They have been called by many names ...... "Folangji"
("佛朗机炮/佛朗機砲, Frankish gun") in Chinese"
"Around 1500, Europeans learnt how to cast iron, and shifted their cannon
productions to one-piece iron muzzle-loaders. China started to adopt European
breech-loading swivel guns from 1500 onward, limiting at the same time the
production of their own muzzle-loaders, because of the high effectiveness of
the breech-loading swivel gun as an anti-personnel gun, which to them was
more interesting than the sheer power of a cannonball."
Elizabethan Sea Dogs 1560-1605 (google books)
"...Wrought-iron breech-loading guns were carried on Spanish armed merchant
shipsat least until the 1590s, although they were considered obsolete by other
maritime powers.
...... They were limited to close-range fire, and the preferable alternative
was to use longer-range and more powerful muzzle-loading pieces which were
reloaded by performing outboard or inboard loading."
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/sail-armament.htm
"A Swivel Gun was a small piece of ordnance, turning on a point or swivel. A
typical swivel gun might measure 33 inches (90 cm) in overall length, with a
bore diameter of 1 1/4 inches (3.5 cm). It would have fired 3/4 pound balls and
would be wedged in place to use for anti-personnel fire. Besides their main
defensive weapon, the swivel gun was used for signaling and salutes."
http://www.angelfire.com/ga4/guilmartin.com/Weapons.html
"More successful were the small wrought-iron breechloaders, called versos by
the Spanish and Portuguese, which appeared late in the fifteenth century.
...... Invariably swivel mounted, they came equipped with two or three removable
powder chambers which closely resembled beer mugs in form. These could be loaded and fired in rotation, permitting a maximum rate of
fire of perhaps two shots per minute for short periods."
https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/Warfare/M.1401157862.A.53C.html
Type Lb(nom) Lb(act) Wt(lb) Shots/hr Horses
Quarter-cannon 12 10-15 2000 12 5-10
Demiculverin 12 7-12 2000-3400 12 5-12
http://greatestbattles.iblogger.org/Renaissance/04_Artillery.htm
Ranges(yds)
Piece Weight Shot Bore Length Point At 10 Max
lb lb in ft Blank deg
Culverin 2,299 12 4.6 8.5 600 4,000
Bastard ~3,000
Quarter 2,000 12 4.6 7.0 400 2,000
Cannon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia
"...Koxinga ordered his artillery to advance and used 28 cannon to bombard the
fort."
我厭煩了，不再多做無謂的口舌之爭，相信旁觀者心中自有定數。
這篇就當作一點資料的整理和上色練習吧~